Archive for August/2008

26
Aug

Atenas y Jerusalén: algunas precisiones (III)

Written on August 26, 2008 by Felicia Appenteng in Arts & Cultures & Societies, Philosophy

Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui

Publicado en Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte, Nº 117, mayo-junio 2008, pags. 91-101

De este modo, la confluencia de la raíz judía con la metafísica platónica, la ética estoica y la religiosidad helenística produjo un movimiento que tenía muchos elementos comunes con otras corrientes pero que alcanzó una personalidad única. La raíz judía, con un monoteísmo exclusivista que no permitía identificar al Dios que se revela en la Biblia con otros dioses del panteón griego, ni siquiera el dios supremo o el dios impersonal de los filósofos, impidió que fuera considerado equivalente o compatible con otros movimientos filosóficos o religiosos. Para los griegos la adhesión a un culto era compatible con ser devoto de otros dioses: se podía ser fiel devoto de Isis sin que ello exigiera una renuncia, o abjuración. Los cristianos, como los judíos, juzgaban idolátricos los demás cultos y exigían una verdadera conversión (cf. El clasico Conversion de A. D. Nock). Y a su vez el entronque con el helenismo separó al cristianismo cada vez más del judaísmo, que como reacción fue alejándose de corrientes helenizadoras a partir del siglo II d. C. y se centró en desarrollar su propia tradición talmúdica.

Del mismo modo que algunos se resistían a la helenización, como quienes al principio exigían la circuncisión, o el mismo Tertuliano un siglo después, no faltó quien quiso abandonar la raíz judía y olvidar el Antiguo Testamento. El cristianismo se transformaba así en un movimiento especulativo más, en el ámbito de lo que hoy se conoce como gnosticismo. Marción fue el defensor más reputado de esta completa helenización. Pero fue rechazada su propuesta de reforma y la Iglesia decidió seguir vinculada a su tronco histórico judío y renunciar a una completa integración en las formas griegas. Se confirmaba así en el cristianismo una mezcla de sangres que conformaba una genética única, por usar una imagen muy de moda.

Es claro que en el magma de religiones existente en el siglo I en el Mediterráneo, la gran piscina en la que desembocan los impulsos religiosos de Grecia y Oriente, la concatenación y solapamiento de ideas y ritos debió ser grande. Pero precisamente porque el cristianismo se desarrolla en este entorno fluido, los Padres de la Iglesia cuidaron muy mucho de delimitar con nitidez las fronteras del cristianismo para no dar lugar a la fusión sincretista con otras corrientes espirituales de su entorno. La polémica antimarcionita, por ejemplo, dio lugar a la fijación cuasidefinitiva del canon de libros del Antiguo y Nuevo Testamento que la Iglesia consideró revelados. La fijación de límites nítidos frente a paganos, judíos y diversos movimientos más o menos afines al cristianismo como el gnosticismo es la clave de la cohesión dogmática, ética y litúrgica que logra formar una Iglesia universal en un mundo en que hasta entonces la religión se organizaba por un lado en torno a santuarios locales sin vocación de superar las fronteras del estado, y por otro en movimientos itinerantes sin voluntad de cohesión social ni sistematización teológica.

Así pues, de la confluencia de Atenas y Jerusalén, de dos tradiciones religiosas completamente distintas, surgió un movimiento único, que participa de múltiples tendencias de su tiempo pero no se confunde con ninguna de ellas. La fuerte identidad y a la vez la adaptabilidad a la vez del cristianismo a lo largo de la historia proviene de la dualidad de sus raíces, que permiten desarrollar una propia personalidad inconfundible aun en contextos cambiantes.

¿Es alguna de estas consideraciones prueba o indicio de la verdad o falsedad objetivas del mensaje cristiano? Por supuesto que no. Pero pueden servir como faro que oriente en la dirección de la racionalidad entre la niebla de información falseada o interesada sobre la presencia del cristianismo en la civilización occidental.

23
Aug

As published by cfr.org, the website of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Joseph R. Biden Jr.

Sen. Biden (D-DE) has long been an influential voice on foreign policy issues in Washington. First elected to the Senate in 1972 at age 29, Biden has spent more time in Congress than any candidate. He chairs the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and sits on the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security. Biden ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988. His campaign was tainted, however, when he was accused of plagiarizing a stump speech from a British Labour Party leader.

He returned to the Senate to become a prominent foreign policy voice in the 1990s, particularly on the Balkans conflicts. He has traveled to the region many times and was a proponent for U.S. intervention there. Biden has also been a strong advocate for nuclear nonproliferation efforts.

Biden’s proposal for resolving the conflict in Iraq continued to generate discussion late into 2007. Biden, along with CFR President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, back creation of a federal state in Iraq with Kurdish, Sunni, and Shia autonomous regions. Biden is also one of the only candidates to support using U.S. ground forces to end the conflict in Sudan’s Darfur region.

For a complete profile, which includes detailed stances on major world issues, please click here.

19
Aug

Beijing2008olympicslogobg

Sports of The Times

BEIJING

It took a few days for the Spanish slant-eye controversy to ignite as a hot topic here, albeit short of a raging bonfire. Which raises the question: If the Chinese aren’t terribly offended and are not blowing the whistle on the Spanish basketball team, can the offensive gesture be a case of no harm, no foul?

In a photo that was taken in a pre-Olympics advertisement for a courier company that sponsors the Spanish federation, Pau Gasol and friends, winners of the 2006 FIBA World Championship and strong medal favorites, posed with their index fingers pulling back the skin by the corner of their eyes.

This apparently was some corporate executive’s idea of a lighthearted gesture, or a dumb fraternity joke. The photo was published in a popular Spanish newspaper and predictably spread via the Internet. Blogs erupted, mostly outside China. A couple of newspapers — in Britain, of all centers of social sensitivity — called out the Spaniards.

Spain’s men’s team rallied to defeat the Chinese on Tuesday night in the best game of the basketball tournament and spent the next 24 hours trying to explain that it meant no disrespect, without sounding too convincing about just what it meant.

“Funny or something,” Gasol said.

Read more…

17
Aug

Felicia Appenteng

Please enjoy our latest installment of Sapiens Speak, an interview with Jaime Olmedo, Associate Professor of History of the IE School of Arts and Humanities.

Jaime Olmedo is the Technical Director of the much anticipated Spanish Biographical Dictionary, which has been created by the Spanish Royal Academy of History.

Please click here to read this interview in Spanish.

Sapiens Speak is publish on Sundays.

13
Aug

This Year’s Booker (with an excursus on obscurity)

Written on August 13, 2008 by Rolf Strom-Olsen in Arts & Cultures & Societies

Rolf Strom-Olsen

As habitués of the annual Booker Prize will presumably already know, this year’s so-called long list was released late last month. This year’s long list again demonstrates the importance of
English-language fiction coming from the Indian subcontinent, including
Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger (more of the same Indo-continental post-colonial rap about life in a – yawn, excuse me – post-colonial, New India ) and Mohammed Hanif’s sort-of fictional A Case of Exploding Mangoes.
By the way, Hanif needs to win some kind of prize for worst book title
in 2008 and he also needs a new editor who will not let him publish a
book under a title anything like Case of the Exploding Mangoes.

Since the Booker jury panel is unabashed about awarding the prize to the same familiar faces, the odds on favourite this year has got to be Salman Rushdie for his novel The Enchantress of Florence. In my view, however,  Rushdie has two serious competitors – and this is not to judge necessarily on the literary merits of the books, but rather based on my sense of the politics of aesthetics espoused by the Booker (chaired this year by former  Conservative MP Michael Portillo).

The first is Bengali overachiever Amitav Ghosh’s work of historical fiction Sea of Poppies, which, as that title subtly suggests, is set during the Opium Wars. As the Guardian reviewer put it, this is a "clever parable for British colonialism"; one thing that a Booker jury adores is a clever parable of British colonialism. It will shortlist for sure.

I also think a dark horse in this race is Joseph O’Neill’s Netherland. This odd novel has received most attention for incongruously featuring cricket, that quintessential game of the Commonwealth, in New York. Throw in a Dutch narrator and post 9-11 themes and the book is a strange goulash of ideas that has left critics somewhat divided. Reading through various reviews, I get the sense that this is a book many critics feel they ought to like – only don’t much. Although it must be said the book has received many strong reviews filled with unequivocal praise, such as Dwight Garner’s NYT lovefest.

Joseph O’Neill’s “Netherland” is … too urbane, too
small-boned, too savvy to carry much Dreiserian sweep and swagger. But
here’s what “Netherland” surely is: the wittiest, angriest, most
exacting and most desolate work of fiction we’ve yet had about life in
New York and London after the World Trade Center fell.

Small boned? urbane? savvy? is this a description of a book or a droll blonde he met at a cocktail party? At least we can be thankful we’re spared all that Dreiserian sweep and swagger. *Whew* I hate that in a book. Or a cocktail blonde.  Or whatever it is we’re talking about. 

Anyway, don’t let Dwight’s over-the-top word rapture deter you. This is a serious Booker contender and will almost certainly shortlist. Some reviewers have observed O’Neill’s work is a clever parable of British post-colonialism; if there is one thing that a Booker jury adores….

Prediction: I strongly suspect the deliberations will come down to Rushdie and O’Neill, with O’Neill as a first-timer having the edge.

Read more…